Cult - Wikipedia. The term cult usually refers to a social group defined by its religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or its common interest in a particular personality, object or goal. The term itself is controversial and it has divergent definitions in both popular culture and academia and it also has been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study.[1][2] In the sociological classifications of religious movements, a cult is a social group with socially deviant or novel beliefs and practices,[3] although this is often unclear.[4][5][6] Other researchers present a less- organized picture of cults on the basis that cults arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.[7] Groups said to be cults range in size from local groups with a few members to international organizations with millions.[8]Beginning in the 1. From the 1. 94. 0s the Christian countercult movement has opposed some sects and new religious movements, and it labelled them as cults for their "un- Christian" unorthodox beliefs.
The secular anti- cult movement began in the 1. Some of the claims and actions of the anti- cult movements have been disputed by scholars and by the news media, leading to further public controversy. The term "new religious movement" refers to religions which have appeared since the mid- 1. Many, but not all of them, have been considered to be cults. Sub- categories of cults include: Doomsday cults, political cults, destructive cults, racist cults, polygamist cults, and terrorist cults. Various national governments have reacted to cult- related issues in different ways, and this has sometimes been led to controversy. Terminological history[edit]Howard P.
Becker's church- sect typology, based on Ernst Troeltsch's original theory and providing the basis for the modern concepts of cults, sects, and new religious movements. English- speakers originally used the word "cult" not to describe a group of religionists, but to refer to the act of worship or to a religious ceremony. The English term originated in the early 1. Frenchculte, from Latincultus (worship). The French word, in turn, derived from the Latin adjective cultus (inhabited, cultivated, worshipped), based on the verb colere (to care, to cultivate).[1.
The word "culture" also derives from the Latin words cultura and cultus; "culture" in general terms refers to the customary beliefs, social forms and material traits of a religious or social group.[1. While the literal original sense of the word in English remains in use, a derived sense of "excessive devotion" arose in the 1. The terms cult and cultist came into use in medical literature in the United States in the 1.
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US Holiness movement. This usage experienced a surge of popularity at the time, and extended to other forms of alternative medicine as well.[1. In the English- speaking world the word "cult" often carries derogatory connotations.[1. It has always been controversial because it is (in a pejorative sense) considered a subjective term, used as an ad hominem attack against groups with differing doctrines or practices.[1.
New religious movements[edit]A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious community or spiritual group of modern origins (since the mid- 1. NRMs can be novel in origin or part of a wider religion, in which case they are distinct from pre- existing denominations.[1. In 1. 99. 9 Eileen Barker estimated that NRMs, of which some but not all have been labelled as cults, number in the tens of thousands worldwide, most of which originated in Asia or Africa; and that the great majority of which have only a few members, some have thousands and only very few have more than a million.[8] In 2. Elijah Siegler commented that, although no NRM had become the dominant faith in any country, many of the concepts which they had first introduced (often referred to as "New Age" ideas) have become part of worldwide mainstream culture.[1. Scholarly studies[edit]Max Weber (1.
Sociologist Max Weber (1. The concept of a "cult" as a sociological classification was introduced in 1. American sociologist Howard P. Becker as an expansion of German theologian Ernst Troeltsch's church- sect typology.
Troeltsch's aim was to distinguish between three main types of religious behavior: churchly, sectarian and mystical. Becker created four categories out of Troeltsch's first two by splitting church into "ecclesia" and "denomination", and sect into "sect" and "cult".[2. Like Troeltsch's "mystical religion", Becker's cults were small religious groups lacking in organization and emphasizing the private nature of personal beliefs.[2. Later sociological formulations built on these characteristics, placing an additional emphasis on cults as deviant religious groups "deriving their inspiration from outside of the predominant religious culture".[2. This is often thought to lead to a high degree of tension between the group and the more mainstream culture surrounding it, a characteristic shared with religious sects.[2. In this sociological terminology, sects are products of religious schism and therefore maintain a continuity with traditional beliefs and practices, while cults arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.[2. Watch Encounter Online Hitfix.
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In the early 1. 96. John Lofland lived with South Koreanmissionary. Young Oon Kim and some of the first American Unification Church members in California, during which he studied their activities in trying to promote their beliefs and win new members.[2. Lofland noted that most of their efforts were ineffective and that most of the people who joined did so because of personal relationships with other members, often family relationships.[2.
Lofland published his findings in 1. The World Savers: A Field Study of Cult Processes", and in 1. Prentice- Hall as Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization and Maintenance of Faith. It is considered to be one of the most important and widely cited studies of the process of religious conversion.[2. Sociologist Roy Wallis (1. Cults, according to Wallis, are generally described as "oriented towards the problems of individuals, loosely structured, tolerant [and] non- exclusive", making "few demands on members", without possessing a "clear distinction between members and non- members", having "a rapid turnover of membership" and as being transient collectives with vague boundaries and fluctuating belief systems. Wallis asserts that cults emerge from the "cultic milieu".[3.