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Hurricane Sandy - Wikipedia. Hurricane Sandy (unofficially referred to as "Superstorm Sandy")[1][2] was the deadliest and most destructive hurricane of the 2. Atlantic hurricane season, and the third- costliest hurricane in United States history.[3] Classified as the eighteenth named storm, tenth hurricane and second major hurricane of the year, Sandy was a Category 3 storm at its peak intensity when it made landfall in Cuba.[3] While it was a Category 2 hurricane off the coast of the Northeastern United States, the storm became the largest Atlantic hurricane on record (as measured by diameter, with winds spanning 1,1. Estimates as of 2. USD), a total surpassed only by hurricanes Katrina and Harvey.[6] At least 2.
Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 2. Tropical Storm Sandy six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified.
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On October 2. 4, Sandy became a hurricane, made landfall near Kingston, Jamaica, re- emerged a few hours later into the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. On October 2. 5, Sandy hit Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane, then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on October 2. Sandy moved through the Bahamas.[9] On October 2. Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm and then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane.
Early on October 2. Sandy curved west- northwest (the "left turn" or "left hook") and then[1. Brigantine, New Jersey, just to the northeast of Atlantic City, as a post- tropical cyclone with hurricane- force winds.[3][1. In Jamaica, winds left 7. USD) in damage. Sandy's outer bands brought flooding to Haiti, killing at least 5. Dominican Republic.
In Puerto Rico, one man was swept away by a swollen river. In Cuba, there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland, destroying some 1. USD) in damage. Sandy caused two deaths and damage estimated at $7. USD) in The Bahamas. In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected 2. Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachian Mountains to Michigan and Wisconsin, with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York. Its storm surge hit New York City on October 2.
Damage in the United States amounted to $7. USD).[1. 4] In Canada, two were killed in Ontario and an estimated $1.
CAD) in damage was caused throughout Ontario and Quebec.[1. Meteorological history. Hurricane Sandy began as a low pressure system which developed sufficient organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen on October 2.
Kingston, Jamaica.[1. It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north.
Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening,[1. Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 2. Early on October 2. Later that day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 6.
Kingston, Jamaica.[1. At about 1. 90. 0 UTC that day, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 8. Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 1. Santiago de Cuba at 0.
UTC on October 2. A time- lapse video made from NASA satellite images of Hurricane Sandy. After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure became disorganized,[2. Bahamas.[2. 3] By October 2. Sandy was no longer fully tropical, and despite strong shear, it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast.[2. After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[2. Sandy re- intensified into a hurricane,[2.
October 2. 8 an eye began redeveloping.[2. The storm moved around an upper- level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[2. Sandy briefly re- intensified to Category 2 intensity on the morning of October 2. Northeastern United States for the lowest pressures ever observed.[2. The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast,[3. UTC on October 2. About 2 1/2 hours later, Sandy made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey,[3.
During the next four days, Sandy's remnants drifted northward and then northeastward over Ontario, before merging with another low pressure area over Eastern Canada on November 2.[3][3. Forecasts. On October 2. Hurricane Sandy was correctly predicted by the European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) headquartered in Reading, England nearly eight days in advance of its striking the American East Coast. The computer model noted that the storm would turn west towards land and strike the New York/New Jersey region on October 2. Atlantic as most hurricanes in this position do.
By October 2. 7, four days after the ECMWF made its prediction, the National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center confirmed the path of the hurricane predicted by the European model. The National Weather Service was criticized for not employing its higher- resolution forecast models the way that its European counterpart did. A hardware and software upgrade completed at the end of 2. Relation to global warming. According to NCAR senior climatologist Kevin E. Trenberth, "The answer to the oft- asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question.
All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be."[3. Although NOAA meteorologist Martin Hoerling attributes Sandy to "little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm",[3. Trenberth does agree that the storm was caused by "natural variability" but adds that it was "enhanced by global warming".[3. One factor contributing to the storm's strength was abnormally warm sea surface temperatures offshore the East Coast of the United States—more than 3 °C (5 °F) above normal, to which global warming had contributed 0. C (1 °F).[3. 7] As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.[3.
As they move north, Atlantic hurricanes typically are forced east and out to sea by the Prevailing Westerlies.[3. In Sandy's case, this typical pattern was blocked by a ridge of high pressure over Greenland resulting in a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, forming a kink in the jet stream, causing it to double back on itself off the East Coast.
Sandy was caught up in this northwesterly flow.[3. The blocking pattern over Greenland also stalled an Arctic front which combined with the cyclone.[3. Mark Fischetti of Scientific American said that the jet stream's unusual shape was caused by the melting of Arctic ice.[3.
Trenberth said that while a negative North Atlantic Oscillation and a blocking anticyclone were in place, the null hypothesis remained that this was just the natural variability of weather.[3. Sea level at New York and along the New Jersey coast has increased by nearly a foot (3. Harvard geologist Daniel P. Schrag calls Hurricane Sandy's 1. Eastern seaboard".[4.
Preparations. Caribbean and Bermuda. After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 2. Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[4. Early on October 2. At 1. 50. 0 UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[4. In preparation of the storm, many residents stocked up on supplies and reinforced roofing material. Acting Prime Minister Peter Phillips urged people to take this storm seriously, and also to take care of their neighbors, especially the elderly, children, and disabled.
Government officials shut down schools, government buildings, and the airport in Kingston on the day prior to the arrival of Sandy. Meanwhile, numerous and early curfews were put in place to protect residents, properties, and to prevent crime.[4. Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 2. Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[4.
By late October 2.